Muhammad Abdullah

INTRODUCTION The framers of the American Constitution were aware of the defects of the theory of separation of powers. They modified the system of separation of powers by a system of checks and balances to make authorities limited, controlled, and defused.   MEANING OF CHECKS & BALANCES It is the theory of governmental power and … Read more

INTRODUCTION In olden times, people were not well aware of their fundamental rights and did not know how to seek remedies if such rights were infringed. But in modern times, the concept of due process of law seems to be a natural and only human approach. Now, people are well aware of their fundamental rights … Read more

INTRODUCTION The U.S. Constitution provides fundamental rights to individuals in the Bill of Rights. Though these were not embodied in the original Constitution, they were inserted in the shape of the first ten amendments. The Bill of Rights, i.e. the first ten amendments, was proposed in 1789 and ratified in 1791.   FREEDOM OF RELIGION, … Read more

INTRODUCTION The Supreme Court of the USA has the power of judicial review and declares any law passed by Congress as null and void if it Contradicts the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution has not expressly given this power to it, but the Supreme Court has acquired it through its interpretations of the Constitution. … Read more

INTRODUCTION The Supreme Court is the third branch of the federal government. The judiciary consists of a system of Courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughout the country. The judicial system in the USA is unique in several ways. It was the first federal system in the world.   COMPOSITION OF … Read more