Muhammad Abdullah 
INTRODUCTION General defences are those defences that are available to a person to protect himself in a situation of danger. These may be of body or property. There are several general defences available to individuals who are accused of committing a crime. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Sections 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 76 & 79, 81, … Read more
INTRODUCTION Negligence is one of the main aspects of the tort law. Here, a person can claim damages or even injunctive relief. In these cases, the legal rights and the property of people are protected as also financial interests as well. In order to succeed in an action for negligence, it is necessary for a … Read more
Preface Misrepresentation is a false statement that the person making it honestly believed to be true, or that he does not know to be false. Relevant Provisions Sections 18 and 19 of the Contract Act, of 1872 deal with misrepresentation. Definition Misrepresentation is to say a misleading statement to someone. However, Section 18 … Read more
INTRODUCTION The right of private defence is provided to preserve one’s life or security and to prevent crime. The law does not want that a law-abiding person should live a cowardly life so the right of self-defence is provided in Pakistan Penal Code. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Sections 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, … Read more
INTRODUCTION Vicarious liability is when one person or entity is held legally responsible for the actions or omissions of another person or entity. It does not indicate a distinct tort, but rather a process by which one person can be held liable for a recognized tort committed by another. It mainly arises in employer/employee and … Read more
Preface Mistake in a contract is of two kinds. It may be a mistake of fact or a mistake of law. In both cases, the contract will become void. Relevant Provisions Sections 45-53 except 48 of the Contract Act, of 1872 deal with the mistake. Meaning of Mistake Any intentional act or omission … Read more
INTRODUCTION Waqf is an important social institution of Islam. It is the most important branch of Muhammad’s Law. It is a permanent dedication by a Muslim of some specific property for religious and pious purposes. Every Muslim of sound mind may dedicate his property by way of waqf. It may be made verbally or in … Read more
INTRODUCTION Abetment is a separate and distinct offence provided the thing abetted is an offence. It is an independent crime, i.e. to say that abetment does not in itself involve the actual commission of the crime abetted. It is a crime apart. RELEVANT PROVISIONS Sections 107 to 120 of P.P.C. 1860 deal with abetment. … Read more
INTRODUCTION A general and common concept is that a person can enjoy full control of his own property. He can exercise the full rights of ownership within the limits of his property. Sometimes, it also happens that a person can also enjoy the property of another person with full control. It is called Easement. The … Read more
Introduction Competency is the legal qualification, capacity, power, or fitness. It is the mental ability to understand the nature and effects of one’s acts. In the law of contract, competency means the eligibility or qualification of the parties entering into a contract. Relevant Provisions Sections 10 and 11 of the Contract Act, of 1872 … Read more
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